WPC> 9?\h RZq/4iYpfUא k Y0᭔ŻSlK+pe/ڳ3UgY,Xȩh(1kڂ3'gZ3 l";Y_L{R;},52aBQ-bٚ'_f'E3@: bX%| 跦/Nj>-A'`?3 L.#Bag9bѷiǬ/.3܇J;";# ӑzxz%).!  !]ٴ5upJQ|[d|mqlr0pl-;DQtTm2vn'9H̅<&PFds0x&8qP6D*!}h=uN&*f<&.{=s/,`|#U[N % 0: ^  w+ 4/ C R mT UY>k  0V Z_ 0Vvvb 0C 066666666666666666666666666666666666 B i"&&&&&&'))+I- //////03~8f9:::::P~<Canon MG6200 series Printer . . 0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX($USUS.,||D|DntFold3|x:U\  `&Times New Roman  'USUS.,  _  X@XXX  MOTHERS,DAUGHTERS,ANDWIVESINISRAEL  _  BYALFREDEDERSHEIM #X@XX X@@#(.3$ !USUS.,  8DocumentManagement::ModifiedBooleanTRUE  (USUS.,  _@ XX THEMARRIAGE,DIVORCE,REMARRIAGE,  @  AND HUSBANDOFONEWIFECONTROVERSY#X@XO# (.3$ !USUS.,  - -($    (B2$ !USUS.,    0   BeruriaMoharMishnahShitreErusinChethubahdenarsnedannedanjah susSanhedrim BerChuppahPirkediTobitChederYebamothAkibaShammaiteChethubusufruct  "$USUS.,  1    _ X@XXX    Thefollowingillustrationalsooccurs:Acertainwisewomansaidtoherdaughterbeforeher > marriage:"Mychild,standbeforethyhusbandandministertohim.Ifthouwiltactashismaidenhe *z willbethyslave,andhonortheeashismistress;butifthouexaltthyselfagainsthim,hewillbethy f master,andthoushaltbecomevileinhiseyes,likeoneofthemaidservants."#X@XX X@k# d  "$USUS.,  2    _ X@XXX    ThereisaJewishtraditionthatthewomenhadcontributedoftheirsubstancetotheTabernacle,but > refusedtodosoformakingthegoldencalf,whichisdeducedfromtheaccountin#X@XX X@k# X@XXX@Exodus32:2 *z comparedwithverse3.#X@XX X@# "$USUS.,  3    _ X@XXX    Similarexpressionsare#X@XX X@k# X@XXX@Sarah#X@XX X@# X@XXX@and#X@XX X@4# X@XXX@Shiddah#X@XX X@}# X@XXX@,bothfromrootsmeaning#X@XX X@# X@XXX@torule#X@XX X@(# X@XXX@.Noristhisinconsistent > withtheuseoftheword#X@XX X@t# X@XXX@Baal#X@XX X@# X@XXX@,tomarry,and#X@XX X@J# X@XXX@Beulah#X@XX X@# X@XXX@,themarriedone,from#X@XX X@# X@XXX@Baal#X@XX X@G# X@XXX@,alord"evenas *z Sarah"calledAbrahamlord"(#X@XX X@# X@XXX@1Peter3:6,theexpressionusedofhertoAbimelech,#X@XX X@# X@XXX@Genesis20:3, f being#X@XX X@# X@XXX@Beulah#X@XX X@# X@XXX@).Ofcourseitisnotmeantthatthesearetheonlywordsforfemales.Buttheothers, R suchas#X@XX X@I# X@XXX@Bath#X@XX X@# X@XXX@and#X@XX X@L# X@XXX@Naarah#X@XX X@# X@XXX@,areeithersimplyfeminineterminations,orelse,as#X@XX X@# X@XXX@Bethulah#X@XX X@\# X@XXX@,#X@XX X@# X@XXX@Levush#X@XX X@# X@XXX@, > #X@XX X@; # X@XXX@Nekevah#X@XX X@ # X@XXX@,#X@XX X@ # X@XXX@Almah#X@XX X@) # X@XXX@,#X@XX X@s # X@XXX@Rachem#X@XX X@ # X@XXX@,descriptiveoftheirphysicalstate#X@XX X@ # X@XXX@.#X@XX X@l # _ "$USUS.,  9    _ X@XXXThedistinctionismarkedin#X@XX X@k#,@ ,XX@ ,@ , ,,@# X@X , ,@##X@XX X@# X@XXX@Joel2:16;the#X@XX X@r# X@XXX@Chuppah#X@XX X@# X@XXX@isalsomentionedin#X@XX X@#,@ ,XX@ ,@ , ,,@j# X@X , ,@z##X@XX X@# X@XXX@Psalm19:5.#X@XX X@#  "$USUS.,  10    _ X@XXXSeemyarticleon Marriage"inCassell's#X@XX X@l# X@XXX@BibleEducator#X@XX X@# X@XXX@,vol.iv.pp.267270.#X@XX X@1#  "$USUS.,  11    _ X@XXXAccordingtoR.Simon{on#X@XX X@l# X@XXX@Chel#X@XX X@# X@XXX@.ii.8)itwasanEasterncustomthat,whenthebridewasledto  herfuturehome, theycarriedbeforethepartyaboutten"suchlamps.#X@XX X@#  "$USUS.,  12    _ X@XXXThepracticeofcallingawifeabrideduringthefirstyearofhermarriageisprobablybasedon  #X@XX X@l#,@ ,XX@ ,@ , ,,@$# X@X , ,@4##X@XX X@S# X@XXX@Deuteronomy24:5.#X@XX X@#  "$USUS.,  13    _ X@XXXRabbinicalordinancessolimitedtheMosaiclawinregardtoanadulteress,thatthetrialand  punishmentcouldonlyhavebeenoftheveryrarestoccurrence.Intotheselawsanddistinctions  wecannot,however,atpresententer.#X@XX X@l# ? "$USUS.,  14    _ X@XXXTheJewshaveitthatawoman"isloosedfromthelawofherhusband"byonlyoneoftwo  things:deathoraletterofdivorce;hence#X@XX X@l#,@ ,XX@ ,@ , ,,@G# X@X , ,@W##X@XX X@v# X@XXX@Romans7:2,3.#X@XX X@#  "$USUS.,  15    _ X@XXXThisisnottheplacetoenterintothelegaldetails,fullydiscussedbytheRabbis.#X@XX X@l#  "$USUS.,  4    _ X@XXX    AftertheelegantpoeticalversionofDr.Sachs(#X@XX X@k# X@XXX@StimmenvomJordanu#X@XX X@# X@XXX@.#X@XX X@[# X@XXX@Euphrat#X@XX X@# X@XXX@.p.347).Weselect > thisonepoeticdescriptionofJewishweddedloveandrespectforwomanfromamongmanythat *z mightbegiven#X@XX X@#  "$USUS.,  5    _     X@XXXThesomewhatsimilarreferenceto#X@XX X@# X@XXX@Leviticus19:19in#X@XX X@# X@XXX@Philo#X@XX X@H# X@XXX@.#X@XX X@# X@XXX@deCreat#X@XX X@# X@XXX@.#X@XX X@&# X@XXX@Princ#X@XX X@m# X@XXX@.(edFrancof.)pp.730, > 731,mentionedinWetstein,#X@XX X@# X@XXX@Nov#X@XX X@E# X@XXX@.#X@XX X@# X@XXX@Test#X@XX X@# X@XXX@.ii.p.193,doesnotseemsufficientlyparallelforquotation.#X@XX X@#  "$USUS.,  6    _ X@XXXYalkuton#X@XX X@k# X@XXX@Deuteronomy21:15.#X@XX X@# \ "$USUS.,  7    _ X@XXX    Therewasalsoathirdmodeofespousal"simplybycohabitation,butthiswasverystrongly > disapprovedbytheRabbis.#X@XX X@k# { "$USUS.,  8    _ X@XXXItis,tosaytheleast,doubtfulwhethertheRabbinicalformofthisbenedictionandofthatat  betrothaldatesfromearliesttimes.Howeverbeautiful,seemsfartooelaborateforthat.#X@XX X@k# F "$USUS.,  16    _ X@XXXKollKore#X@XX X@o# X@XXX@,byR.El.Soloweycyk,p.184.Compare#X@XX X@# X@XXX@Taan#X@XX X@*# X@XXX@.9,#X@XX X@s# X@XXX@a#X@XX X@# X@XXX@.#X@XX X@# !USUS.,  _/  X@XXX 8@XXdd8   _  @@  AX X@ CHAPTER3:MOTHERS,DAUGHTERS,AND  WIVESINISRAELBYALFREDEDERSHEIM# X@X A # #X@XX X@Q# X@XXX@ $ Note_ԀFromBrotherMikeSutherland:WhatfollowsistheentireChapter9ofAlfredEdersheim#X@XX X@# X@XXX@s 4 book SketchesofJewishSocialLife .Thetitleofthischapteris: Mothers,Daughters,andWives   InIsrael.Itistakenfrompages129147oftheupdatedprintededition.    #X@XX X@# X@XXX@#X@XX X@ # X@XXX@  I#X@XX X@N# X@XXX@N#X@XX X@# X@XXX@orderaccuratelytounderstandthepositionofwomaninIsrael,itisonlynecessary   carefullytoperusetheNewTestament.Thepictureofsociallifetherepresentedgivesafullview   oftheplacewhichsheheldinprivateandinpubliclife.Herewedonotfindthatseparation,so p   commonamongOrientalsatalltimes,butwomanminglesfreelywithothersbothathomeand \  abroad.Sofarfromsufferingundersocialinferiority,shetakesinfluentialandoftenleadingpartin H  allmovements,speciallythoseofareligiouscharacter.Aboveall,wearewhollysparedthose 4  sickeningdetailsofprivateandpublicimmoralitywithwhichcontemporaryclassicalliterature  p  abounds.AmongIsraelwomanwaspure,thehomehappy,andthefamilyhallowedbyareligion  \  whichconsistednotonlyinpublicservices,butenteredintodailylife,andembracedinits H observanceseverymemberofthehousehold.ItwassonotonlyinNewTestamenttimesbutalways 4 inIsrael.St.Petersreferenceto theholywomen intheoldtime(#X@XX X@# X@XXX@1Peter3:5)isthoroughlyin   accordancewithTalmudicalviews.Indeed,hisquotationof#X@XX X@ # X@XXX@Genesis18:12,anditsapplication:    EvenasSaraobeyedAbraham,callinghimlord,occurinpreciselythesamemannerinRabbinical  writings(#X@XX X@ # X@XXX@Tanch#X@XX X@ # X@XXX@.28,6),whereherrespectandobediencearelikewisesetforthasapatterntoher  daughters.; !  1      #X@XX X@ # X@XXX@  #X@XX X@ # X@XXX@  Somefurtherdetailsmayillustratethematterbetterthanarguments.Thecreationofwoman l fromtheribofAdamisthuscommentedon:#X@XX X@U # X@XXX@Ԁ#X@XX X@=# X@XXX@ ItisasifAdamhadexchangedapotofearthfora X preciousjewel.This,althoughJewishwitcausticallyhadit: Godhascursedwoman,yetallthe D worldrunsafterher;Hehascursedtheground,yetalltheworldlivesofit.Inwhatreverence the 0 fourmothers,astheRabbisdesignateSarah,Rebekah,Leah,andRachel,wereheld,andwhat l influencetheyexercisedinpatriarchalhistory,noattentivereaderofScripturecanfailtonotice.And X aswefollowonthesacredstory,Miriam,whohadoriginallysavedMoses,leadsthesongof D deliveranceontheothersideoftheflood,andher#X@XX X@# X@XXX@influence,thoughnotalwaysforgood,continued 0 tillherdeath(compare#X@XX X@# X@XXX@Micah6:4).Then thewomenwhoseheartstirredthemupinwisdom   contributetotherearingoftheTabernacle;#X@XX X@@# X@XXX@_ !  2      ׀#X@XX X@ # X@XXX@Deborahworksdeliverance,andjudgethinIsrael;and !, thepietyofManoahswifeisatleastasconspicuous,andmoreintelligent,thanherhusbands t (#X@XX X@# X@XXX@Judges13:23).SoalsoisthatofthemotherofSamuel.Inthetimesofthekingsthepraisesof ` IsraelsmaidensstirthejealousyofSaul;Abigailknowshowtoavertthedangerofherhusbands L  folly;thewisewomanofTekoahissentfortoinducethekingtofetchhisbanishedhome;andthe 8  conductofawoman inherwisdomputsanendtotherebellionofSheba.Lateron,theconstant $  mentionofqueenmothers,andtheirfrequentinterferenceinthegovernment,showstheirposition.   SuchnamesasthatofHuldahtheprophetess,andtheidyllicnarrativeoftheShunammite,will   readilyoccurtothememory.ThestoryofawomansdevotionformsthesubjectoftheBookof  t Ruth;thatofherpureandfaithfullove,thethemeortheimageryoftheSongofSongs;thatofher ` courageanddevotionthegroundworkoftheBookofEsther:whileherworthandvirtuesare L  enumeratedintheclosingchapteroftheBookofProverbs.Again,inthelanguageoftheprophets 8  thepeopleofGodarecalled thedaughter, thevirgindaughterofZion, thedaughterof $  Jerusalem, thedaughterofJudah,etc.;andtheirrelationshiptoGodisconstantlycomparedto   thatofthemarriedstate.TheverytermsbywhichwomanisnamedintheOldTestamentare p  significant.Ifthemanis#X@XX X@# X@XXX@Ish#X@XX X@1# X@XXX@,hiswifeis#X@XX X@y# X@XXX@Ishah#X@XX X@# X@XXX@,simplyhisequal;ifthehusbandis#X@XX X@# X@XXX@Gever#X@XX X@# X@XXX@,theruler, \  thewomanis,inherowndomain,#X@XX X@# X@XXX@Gevirah#X@XX X@R# X@XXX@and#X@XX X@# X@XXX@Gevereth#X@XX X@# X@XXX@,themistress(asfrequentlyinthehistory H  ofSarahandinotherpassages),orelse#X@XX X@5# X@XXX@thedwellerathome#X@XX X@# X@XXX@(#X@XX X@=# X@XXX@Nevathbayith#X@XX X@# X@XXX@,#X@XX X@# X@XXX@Psalm68:12).#X@XX X@ # X@XXX@` !  3      ׀#X@XX X@h # X@XXX@Noris 4 itotherwiseinNewTestamenttimes.TheministryofwomantoourblessedLord,andintheChurch,   hasalmostbecomeproverbial.Herpositiontheremarksreallynotaprogressupon,butthefull   carryingoutof,theOldTestamentidea;or,toputthematterinanotherlight,weasknobetterthan  thatanyonewhoisacquaintedwithclassicalantiquityshouldcomparewhathereadsofaDorcas, p ofthemotherofMark,ofLydia,Priscilla,Phoebe,Lois,orEunice,withwhatheknowsofthenoble \ womenofGreeceandRomeatthatperiod. H   Ofcourse,againstallthismaybeseethepermissionof#X@XX X@ # X@XXX@polygamy#X@XX X@5$# X@XXX@,whichundoubtedlywas 4 inforceatthetimeofourLord,andtheeasewithwhich#X@XX X@$# X@XXX@divorce#X@XX X@-%# X@XXX@mightbeobtained.Inreferenceto   boththese,however,itmustberememberedthattheyweretemporaryconcessionsto thehardness   ofthepeoplesheart.For,notonlymustthecircumstancesofthetimesandthemoralstateofthe l Jewishandofneighboringnationsbetakenintoaccount,buttherewereprogressivestagesof X  spiritualdevelopment.Ifthesehadnotbeentakenintoaccount,thereligionoftheOldTestament D! wouldhavebeenunnaturalandanimpossibility.Sufficeit,that fromthebeginningitwasnotso, 0" noryetintendedtobesointheend"theintermediateperiodthusmarkingthegradualprogress # fromtheperfectnessoftheideatotheperfectnessofitsrealization.Moreover,itisimpossibleto $ readtheOld,andstillmoretheNewTestamentwithoutgatheringfromittheconviction,that P polygamywasnottherulebuttherareexception,sofarasthepeoplegenerallywereconcerned. < Althoughthepracticeinreferencetodivorcewascertainlymorelax,eventheRabbissurrounded (  itwithsomanysafeguardsthat,inpointoffact,itmustinmanycaseshavebeendifficultof   accomplishment.Ingeneral,thewholetendencyoftheMosaiclegislation,andevenmoreexplicitly   thatoflaterRabbinicalordinances,wasinthedirectionofrecognizingtherightsofwoman,witha   scrupulousnesswhichreacheddowneventotheJewishslave,andadelicacythatguardedhermost   sensitivefeelings.Indeed,wefeelwarrantedinsaying,thatincasesofdisputethelawgenerallyleant  t toherside.Of#X@XX X@z%# X@XXX@divorce#X@XX X@ -# X@XXX@weshallhavetospeakinthesequel.Butwhatthereligiousviewsandfeelings ` bothaboutitandmonogamywereatthetimeofMalachi,appearsfromthepatheticdescriptionof L  thealtarofGodascoveredwiththetearsof thewifeofyouth, thewifeofthycovenant, thy 8  companion,whohadbeen putawayor treacherouslydealtwith(#X@XX X@W-# X@XXX@Malachi2:13toend).The t$  wholeissobeautifullyparaphrasedbytheRabbisthatwesubjoinit:#X@XX X@K/# X@XXX@r !  4      ׀ `  8  8`   8 ` x` x#X@XX X@0#  X@XXX@ Ifdeathhathsnatchedfromtheethewifeofyouth,8    8  8`   8 ` x` xItisasifthesacredcitywere,     8  8`   8 ` x` xAndeentheTemple,inthypilgrimdays,   8  8`   8 ` x` xDefiled,laidlow,andlevelledwiththedust.   8  8`   8 ` x` xThemanwhoharshlysendsfromhim   8  8`   8 ` x` xHisfirstwoodwife,thelovingwifeofyouth,p   8  8`   8 ` x` xForhimtheveryaltaroftheLordX   8  8`   8 ` x` xShedsforthitstearsofbitteragony.@    #X@XX X@0# X@XXX@#X@XX X@4# X@XXX@  Wherethesocialintercoursebetweenthesexeswasnearlyasunrestrictedasamong d ourselves,sofarasconsistentwithEasternmanners,itwould,ofcourse,benaturalforayoungman P tomakepersonalchoiceofhisbride.OfthisScriptureaffordsabundantevidence.But,atanyrate, < thewomanhad,incaseofbetrothalormarriage,togiveherownfreeandexpressedconsent,without ( whichaunionwasinvalid.#X@XX X@'5# X@XXX@Minors#X@XX X@f7# X@XXX@"inthecaseofgirlsuptotwelveyearsandoneday"might   bebetrothedorgivenawaybytheirfather.Inthatcase,however,theyhadafterwardstherightof ! insistingupondivorce.Ofcourse,itisnotintendedtoconveythatwomanattainedherfullposition ! tillundertheNewTestament.Butthisisonlytorepeatwhatmaybesaidofalmosteverysocialstate " andrelationship.YetitismostmarkedhowdeeplythespiritoftheOldTestament,whichis #t essentiallythatoftheNewalso,hadinthisrespectalsopenetratedthelifeofIsrael.St.Pauls $`  warning(#X@XX X@7# X@XXX@2Corinthians6:14)againstbeing unequallyyokedtogether,whichisanallegorical %L! applicationof#X@XX X@:# X@XXX@Leviticus19:19;#X@XX X@p;# X@XXX@Deuteronomy22:10,findstosomeextentacounterpartinmystical &8" Rabbinicalwritings,#X@XX X@;# X@XXX@s !  5      ׀#X@XX X@o<# X@XXX@wherethelastmentionedpassageisexpresslyappliedtospirituallyunequal t marriages.Theadmonitionof#X@XX X@=# X@XXX@1Corinthians7:39tomarry onlyintheLord,recallsmanysimilar ` Rabbinicalwarnings,fromwhichweselectthemoststriking.Men,wearetold,#X@XX X@=# X@XXX@t !  6      ׀#X@XX X@># X@XXX@arewonttomarry L  foroneoffourreasons"forpassion,wealth,honor,orthegloryofGod.Asforthefirstnamed 8  classofmarriages,theirissuemustbeexpectedtobe stubbornandrebellioussons,aswemay $  gatherfromthesectionreferringtosuchfollowinguponthatin#X@XX X@J?# X@XXX@Deuteronomy21:11.Inregardto   marriagesforwealth,wearetolearnalessonfromthesonsofEli,whosoughttoenrichthemselves   insuchmanner,butofwhoseposterityitwassaid(#X@XX X@@# X@XXX@1Samuel2:36)thattheyshould crouchfora  t pieceofsilverandamorselofbread.Ofmarriagesforthesakeofconnection,honor,andinfluence, ` KingJehoramofferedawarning,whobecameKingAhabssoninlaw,becausethatmonarchhad L  seventysons,whereasuponhisdeathhiswidowAthaliah aroseanddestroyedalltheseedroyal 8  (#X@XX X@ B# X@XXX@2Kings11:1).Butfarotherwiseisitincaseofmarriage inthenameofheaven.Theissueofsuch $  willbechildrenwho preserveIsrael.Infact,theRabbinicalreferencestomarrying inthename   ofheaven,or forthenameofGod,"inGodandforGod"aresofrequentandsoemphatic, p  thattheexpressionsusedbySt.Paulmusthavecomefamiliarlytohim.Again,#X@XX X@C# X@XXX@Ԁ#X@XX X@F# X@XXX@muchthatissaidin \  1Corinthians7aboutthemarriedestate,findsstrikingparallelsinTalmudicalwritings.Onemay H  herebementioned,asexplainingtheexpression(ver.14): Elsewereyourchildrenunclean;butnow 4 aretheyholy.PreciselythesamedistinctionwasmadebytheRabbisinregardtoproselytes,whose   children,ifbegottenbeforetheirconversiontoJudaism,weresaidtobe unclean;ifafterthatevent   tohavebeenborn inholiness,onlythat,amongtheJews,#X@XX X@SF# X@XXX@both#X@XX X@H# X@XXX@parentsrequiredtoprofessJudaism,  whileSt.Paularguesinthecontrarydirection,andconcerningafardifferentholinessthanthat p whichcouldbeobtainedthroughanymereoutwardceremony. \   Somefurtherdetails,gatheredalmostatrandom,willgiveglimpsesofJewishhomelifeand H ofcurrentviews.Itwasbyanotuncommon,thoughirreverent,modeofwitticism,thattwoforms 4 ofthesameverb,soundingalmostalike,weremadetoexpressoppositeexperiencesofmarriage.It   wascommontoaskanewlymarriedhusband: #X@XX X@?I# X@XXX@Maza#X@XX X@L# X@XXX@or#X@XX X@dL# X@XXX@Mose#X@XX X@L# X@XXX@?" findethorfound;thefirst   expressionoccurringin#X@XX X@L# X@XXX@Ԁ#X@XX X@M# X@XXX@Proverbs18:22,thesecondin#X@XX X@M# X@XXX@Ecclesiastes7:26.Adifferentsentimentisthe l followingfromtheTalmud(#X@XX X@