ÿWPC~  Ô¨Ž”æ–{2ÅÊ«*Ûá¯#þä×%µ-J£I–£PÔVv(_­¦åŠ†2 *¶Š Ý’šU'j5•x5ô]¤‚\{n‚U¾,ÙÏ(n¹ì)lw/7ýâÝq;¾%èKÑ_Óæ4Žñ­_PHu§®Ÿ¶×&ˆþpÛg øÉG[ðû]JÊkOöO‘“¸Ôßîÿ¢1ú^,çí%”tcþnaCšB¤‚~Xyeˆ”…f°.ç8á\Ã%/4<W®Ä310¾RG—cìÃY,½aˆ:þÎí‡LÑ¿ceN‹‰ÿ²ó‡»ç×oHŸqq±¹<{¢àCÑ_â\ñs•sÆ=¡éÝ@¿ÝIð›Ï'Ë. m rÊ^ÔÔQž=2/CFê.+ù-ŒÍ ²õÀòŒù÷ÿ ðF4b¤gž”Æeý•Q î«˜ ·i¤džN9< ¸·©%6úÎhzŠÖk#}|ê›Ñ2Ü|ˆúD + ‰œ¨%¦aòÑú‹K‹Ø(W<–íY$EBû{ÅRâW/«ŸÂDQM¦0[a>¤ ÝÖ“¥€(naßïe¤´:õ£ú©»1ûý-KÚW¥@+ÀZp-¥›´0"«­BÚ–#º±vkÜð‡O4ÛCy¾#ÉPUfN %g 0:m^ §w³4·ËÚ mÜUb>ó?1 0VpXÆ 0V àZt t bÎ Î Î Î Î ¨Ö ˜Canon MG6200 series Printerì . .ì 0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,Ôô½|Dô˜|DntFold3|xBÿU‹ÿÿÿÿô\  `&Times New Roman 5Ý ƒ ½Þ'ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  Óà@@ï ï ìàò òÔ‡ XûàXXXÔMARRIAGEÔ#†XûàXX Xûà^#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔ:€FROM€THE€INTERNATIONALÐ ° ÐSTANDARD€BIBLE€ENCYCLOPEDIAó óÔ#†XûàXX Xûà¨#Ô(.3½Þ$§§Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ý NÝ ƒ½Þ(ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  ÓÔ‡ŠÌ߈XXÔò òTHE€MARRIAGE,€DIVORCE,€REMARRIAGE,€Ð ° Ðà@@ƒ ƒ ìàAND€ð ðHUSBAND€OF€ONE€WIFEðð€CONTROVERSYó óÔ#†XûàXˆŠÌßI#ÔÔ‡ŠÌ߈XXûàÔò òó óÔ#†XûàXˆŠÌß#Ô(.3½Þ$¨¨Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ý8DocumentManagement::ModifiedBooleanTRUE- ù- BebelGronlundba ulahbeenatsadqattsadaqLeviratemoharDtCainiteSirach TalmMackiechedherchuppahSyriacHoltzmannHarnackei epiporneiaexceptive MandÝ ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔØ;Øò òÖ€ ÿÿÖÑ8€ûàXXdìdÈ8ÑÑ€ÑÑ  ÑÔ_Ôó óÓ  ÓÓ  Óà@@5 5 ìàò òÔ‡ XûàXXXÔÔ‡ îWÃîX XûàÔCHAPTER€4:€MARRIAGEÔ#†îWÃîî îWÃú#ÔÔ‡ îWÃîîîWÃÔ:€FROM€THE€INTERNATIONALÐ ° ÐSTANDARD€BIBLE€ENCYCLOPEDIAÔ#† XûàXî îWÃ#ÔÔ#†XûàXX Xûàn#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÐ Ô$ ÐÓÙÓÌÓ  ÓINTRODUCTORYÔ_ÔÐ ä4 Ðó óÔ#†XûàXX Xûà#ÔÓ ÓÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔÌÔ#†XûàXX Xûà#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔIt€would€be€interesting€to€study€marriage€biologically€and€sociologically,€to€get€the€far€and€nearÐ ¼  Ðhistorical€and€social€background€of€it€as€an€institution,€especially€as€it€existed€among€the€ancientÐ ¨ ø ÐJews,€and€as€it€figures€in€the€teaching€of€Jesus€as€recorded€in€the€New€Testament.€For,€like€all€socialÐ ” ä Ðinstitutions,€marriage,€and€the€family€which€is€the€outcome€of€marriage,€must€be€judged,€not€by€itsÐ € Ð Ðstatus€at€any€particular€time,€but€in€the€light€of€its€history.€Such€a€study€of€it€would€raise€a€host€ofÐ l ¼  Ðrelated€historic€questions,€e.g.€What€was€its€origin?€What€part€has€it€played€in€the€evolution€andÐ X¨  Ðcivilization€of€the€race?€What€social€functions€has€it€performed?€And€then,€as€a€sequel,€Can€theÐ D”  Ðservices€it€has€rendered€to€civilization€and€progress€be€performed€or€secured€in€any€other€way?€This,Ð 0€  Ðindeed,€would€call€for€us€to€go€back€even€farther€ð"ð€to€try€to€discover€the€psychology€of€theÐ l  Ðinstitution€and€its€history,€the€beliefs€from€which€it€has€ò ò[PAGE€629Ô#†XûàXX XûàV#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔ]ó óÔ#†XûàXX Xûà#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔsprung€and€by€which€it€hasÐ X  Ðsurvived€so€long.€This€were€a€task€well€worth€while€and€amply€justified€by€much€of€the€thinking€ofÐ øH Ðour€time;€for,€as€one€of€the€three€social€institutions€that€support€the€much€challenged€form€and€fabricÐ ä4 Ðof€modern€civilization,€marriage,€private€property€and€the€state,€its€continued€existence,€in€presentÐ Ð  Ðform€at€least,€is€a€matter€of€serious€discussion€and€its€abolition,€along€with€the€other€two,€isÐ ¼  Ðconfidently€prophesied.€ð ðMarriage,€as€at€present€understood,€is€an€arrangement€most€closelyÐ ¨ø Ðassociated€with€the€existing€social€status€and€stands€or€falls€with€itðð€(Bebel,€Socialism€and€Sex,€199,Ð ”ä ÐReeves,€London;€The€Cooperative€Commonwealth€in€Its€Outline,€Gronlund,€224).€But€such€a€taskÐ €Ð Ðis€entirely€outside€of€and€beyond€the€purpose€of€this€article.Ð l¼ Ðà  àNeither€the€Bible€in€general,€nor€Jesus€in€particular,€treats€of€the€family€from€the€point€ofÐ X¨ Ðview€of€the€historian€or€the€sociologist,€but€solely€from€that€of€the€teacher€of€religion€and€morals.€InÐ D” Ðshort,€their€point€of€view€is€theological,€rather€than€sociological.€Moses€and€the€prophets,€no€lessÐ 0€ Ðthan€Jesus€and€His€apostles,€accepted€marriage€as€an€existing€institution€which€gave€rise€to€certainÐ l Ðpractical,€ethical€questions,€and€they€dealt€with€it€accordingly.€There€is€nothing€in€the€record€of€theÐ X Ðteachings€of€Jesus€and€of€His€apostles€to€indicate€that€they€gave€to€marriage€any€new€social€content,Ð ôD Ðcustom€or€sanction.€They€simply€accepted€it€as€it€existed€in€the€conventionalized€civilization€of€theÐ à0 ÐJews€of€their€day€and€used€it€and€the€customs€connected€with€it€for€ethical€or€illustrative€purposes.Ð Ì  ÐOne€exception€is€to€be€made€to€this€general€statement,€namely,€that€Jesus€granted€that€because€of€theÐ ¸! Ðexigencies€of€the€social€development€Moses€had€modified€it€to€the€extent€of€permitting€andÐ ¤"ô  Ðregulating€divorce,€clearly€indicating,€however,€at€the€same€time,€that€He€regarded€such€modificationÐ #à! Ðas€out€of€harmony€with€the€institution€as€at€first€given€to€mankind.€According€to€the€original€DivineÐ |$Ì" Ðpurpose€it€was€monogamous,€and€any€form€of€polygamy,€and€apparently€of€divorce,€was€excludedÐ h%¸ # Ðby€the€Divine€idea€and€purpose.€The€treatment€of€the€subject€here,€therefore,€will€be€limited€asÐ T&¤!$ Ðfollows:€Marriage€among€the€Ancient€Hebrews€and€Other€Semites;€Betrothal€as€the€First€Formal€PartÐ @'"% Ðof€the€Transaction;€Wedding€Ceremonies€Connected€with€Marriage,€especially€as€Reflected€in€theÐ ,(|#& ÐNew€Testament;€and€Jesusðð€Sanction€and€Use€of€the€Institution,€Teaching€concerning€Divorce,€etc.Ð )h$' Ðò ò[PAGE€Ô#†XûàXX Xûà`#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔ630]ó óÐ *T%( ÐÌÐ Ü+,'*o ЇÔ#†XûàXX Xûàm#Ôò òÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔà@ ìà1.€MARRIAGE€AMONG€THE€HEBREWS:ˆÐ t ÐÌó óÔ#†XûàXX Xûàé#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔÖ€ÿÿÖWith€the€Hebrews€married€life€was€the€normal€life.€Any€exception€called€for€apology€andÐ L Ø Ðexplanation.€ð ðAny€Jew€who€has€not€a€wife€is€no€manðð€(Talmud).€It€was€regarded€as€awaitingÐ 8 Ä Ðeveryone€on€reaching€maturity;€and€sexual€maturity€comes€much€earlier€indeed€in€the€East€than€withÐ $ ° Ðus€in€the€West€ð"ð€in€what€we€call€childhood.€The€ancient€Hebrews,€in€common€with€all€Orientals,Ð  œ Ðregarded€the€family€as€the€social€unit.€In€this€their€view€of€it€coincides€with€that,€of€modernÐ ü ˆ Ðsociologists.€Of€the€three€great€events€in€the€family€life,€birth,€marriage€and€death,€marriage€wasÐ è t Ðregarded€as€the€most€important.€It€was€a€step€that€led€to€the€gravest€tribal€and€family€consequences.Ð Ô` ÐIn€case€of€a€daughter,€if€she€should€prove€unsatisfactory€to€her€husband,€she€would€likely€be€returnedÐ ÀL  Ðto€the€ancestral€home,€discarded€and€discredited,€and€there€would€be€almost€inevitably€a€feeling€ofÐ ¬8  Ðinjustice€engendered€on€one€side,€and€a€sense€of€mutual€irritation€between€the€families€(Ô#†XûàXX Xûàu#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔJudgesÐ ˜$  Ð14:20;€Ô#†XûàXX XûàK#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔ1€Samuel€18:19).€If€she€failed€to€pass€muster€with€her€mother„in„law€she€would€just€asÐ „  Ðcertainly€have€to€go,€and€the€results€would€be€much€the€same€(compare€customs€in€China).€It€was€aÐ pü  Ðmatter€affecting€the€whole€circle€of€relatives,€and€possibly€tribal€amity€as€well.€It€was€natural€andÐ \è  Ðdeemed€necessary,€therefore,€that€the€selection€of€the€wife€and€the€arrangement€of€all€contractual€andÐ HÔ  Ðfinancial€matters€connected€with€it€should€be€decided€upon€by€the€parents€or€guardians€of€the€coupleÐ 4À Ðinvolved.€Though€the€consent€of€the€parties€was€sometimes€sought€Ô#†XûàXX Xûà¯#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔGenesis€24:8)€and€romanticÐ  ¬ Ðattachments€were€not€unknown€(Ô#†XûàXX Xûà#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔGenesis€29:20;€34:3;€Ô#†XûàXX Xûà#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔJudges€14:1;€Ô#†XûàXX Xûàg#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔ1€Samuel€18:20),€the€gift€orÐ  ˜ Ðwoman€in€the€case€was€not€currently€thought€of€as€having€a€personal€existence€at€her€own€disposal.Ð ø„ ÐShe€was€simply€a€passive€unit€in€the€family€under€the€protection€and€supreme€control€of€father€orÐ äp Ðbrothers.€In€marriage,€she€was€practically€the€chattel,€the€purchased€possession€and€personal€propertyÐ Ð\ Ðof€her€husband,€who€was€her€ba`al€or€master€(Hos€2:16),€she€herself€being€be`ulah€(Ô#†XûàXX Xûà¶#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔIsaiah€62:4).€TheÐ ¼H Ðcontrol,€however,€was€not€always€absolute€(Ô#†XûàXX Xûàä #ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔGenesis€26:34;€Ô#†XûàXX Xûàw!#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔExodus€2:21).Ð ¨4 Ðà  àThe€bargaining€instinct,€so€dominant€among€Orientals€then€as€now,€played€a€large€part€in€theÐ ”  Ðtransaction.€In€idea€the€family€was€a€little€kingdom€of€which€the€father€was€the€king,€or€absoluteÐ €  Ðruler.€There€are€many€indications,€not€only€that€the€family€was€the€unit€from€which€nationalÐ lø Ðcoherence€was€derived,€but€that€this€unit€was€perpetuated€through€the€supremacy€of€the€oldest€male.Ð X ä ÐThus€society€became€patriarchal,€and€this€is€the€key€of€the€ancient€history€of€the€family€and€theÐ D!Ð Ðnation.€Through€the€ò ò[PAGE€Ô#†XûàXX XûàÈ!#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔ631]€ó óÔ#†XûàXX Xûàœ$#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔexpansion€of€the€family€group€was€evolved€in€turn€the€clan,€theÐ 0"¼ Ðtribe,€the€nation,€and€the€authority€of€the€father€became€in€turn€that€of€the€chief,€the€ruler,€and€theÐ  #¬ Ðking.€The€Oriental€cannot€conceive,€indeed,€of€any€band,€or€clan,€or€company€without€a€ð ðfather,ððÐ  $˜ Ðeven€though€there€be€no€kith€or€kinship€involved€in€the€matter.€The€ð ðfatherðð€in€their€thought,€too,€wasÐ ø$„  ÐGodððs€representative,€and€as€such€he€was€simply€carrying€out€Godððs€purpose,€for€instance,€inÐ ä%p! Ðselecting€a€bride€for€his€son,€or€giving€the€bride€to€be€married€to€the€son€of€another.€This€is€as€trueÐ Ð&\" Ðof€the€far€East€as€of€the€near€East€today.€Accordingly,€as€a€rule,€the€young€people€simply€acquiesced,Ð ¼'H # Ðwithout€question€or€complaint,€in€what€was€thus€done€for€them,€accepting€it€as€though€God€had€doneÐ ¨(4!$ Ðit€directly.€Accordingly,€too,€the€family€and€tribal€loyalty€overshadowed€love„making€and€patriotism,Ð ”) "% Ðin€the€larger€sense.€Out€of€this€idea€of€the€solidarity€and€selectness€of€the€tribe€and€family€springs€theÐ €* #& Ðovermastering€desire€of€the€Oriental€for€progeny,€and€for€the€conservation€of€the€family€or€the€tribeÐ l+ø#' Ðat€any€cost.€Hence,€the€feuds,€bloody€and€bitter,€that€persist€between€this€family€or€tribe€and€anotherÐ P Ðthat€has€in€any€way€violated€this€sacred€law.Ð <ì Ðà  àTraces€of€what€is€known€as€beena€marriage€are€found€in€the€Old€Testament,€e.g.€that€of€Jacob,Ð ( Ø Ðwhere€Laban€claims€Jacobððs€wives€and€children€as€his€own€(Ô#†XûàXX Xûàæ$#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔGenesis€31:31,43),€and€that€of€MosesÐ  Ä Ð(Ô#†XûàXX XûàÆ+#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔExodus€2:21;€4:18).€This€is€that€form€of€marriage€in€which€the€husband€is€incorporated€into€theÐ  ° Ðwifeððs€tribe,€the€children€belonging€to€her€tribe€and€descent€being€reckoned€on€her€side€(compare€W.Ð ì œ ÐRobertson€Smith,€Kinship€and€Marriage€in€Early€Arabia,€94).€In€Samsonððs€case€we€seem€to€have€anÐ Ø ˆ Ðinstance€of€what€is€known€among€Arabs€as€tsadqat€marriage€(from€tsadaq,€ð ðgiftðð),€the€kid€here€beingÐ Ä t Ðthe€customary€tsadaq€(Judges€14;€15:1;€16:4).€There€is€no€hint€that€he€meant€to€take€his€wife€home.Ð °` ÐIt€is€differentiated€from€prostitution€in€that€no€disgrace€is€attached€to€it€and€the€children€areÐ œL  Ðrecognized€as€legitimate€by€the€tribe.€Such€marriages€make€it€easier€to€understand€the€existence€ofÐ ˆ8  Ðthe€matriarchate,€or€the€custom€of€reckoning€the€descent€of€children€and€property€through€theÐ t$  Ðmothers.€The€influence€of€polygamy€would€work€in€the€same€direction,€subdividing€the€family€intoÐ `  Ðsmaller€groups€connected€with€the€several€wives.€There€is,€however,€no€clear€evidence€in€the€OldÐ Lü  ÐTestament€of€polyandry€(a€plurality€of€husbands),€though€the€Levirate€marriage€is€regarded€by€someÐ 8è  Ðas€a€survival€of€it.€In€other€words,€polygamy€among€the€Hebrews€seems€to€have€been€confined€toÐ $Ô  Ðpolygyny€(a€plurality€of€wives).€It€is€easy€to€trace€its€chief€causes:€Ô#†XûàXX XûàB,#Ôò òÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔ(1)€ó óÔ#†XûàXX Xûà_2#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔdesire€for€a€numerous€offspringÐ À Ð(ð ðMay€his€tribe€increase!ðð);€ò ò[PAGE€Ô#†XûàXX Xûà¨2#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔ632]€Ô#†XûàXX XûàJ3#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔ(2)€ó óÔ#†XûàXX Xûà‘3#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔbarrenness€of€first€wife€(as€in€Abrahamððs€case);€Ô#†XûàXX XûàÚ3#Ôò òÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔ(3)Ð ° Ðó óÔ#†XûàXX XûàS4#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔadvantages€offered€by€marital€alliances€(e.g.€Solomon);€Ô#†XûàXX Xûà°4#Ôò òÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔ(4)€ó óÔ#†XûàXX Xûà-5#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔthe€custom€of€making€wives€of€captivesÐ ð  Ðtaken€in€war€(compare€Ô#†XûàXX Xûàv5#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔPsalm€45:3,9);€Ô#†XûàXX Xûà 6#Ôò òÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔ(5)€ó óÔ#†XûàXX Xûà]6#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔslavery,€which€as€it€existed€in€the€Orient€almost€impliedÐ à Ðit.РЀ ÐÌÔ#†XûàXX Xûà¦6#Ôò òÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔÓ  Ó2.€BETROTHAL€THE€FIRST€FORMAL€PART:Ð ¨X ÐÓq7ÓÌó óÔ#†XûàXX XûàR7#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔà  àBetrothal€with€the€ancient€Hebrews€was€of€a€more€formal€and€far€more€binding€nature€thanÐ €0 Ðthe€ð ðengagementðð€is€with€us.€Indeed,€it€was€esteemed€a€part€of€the€transaction€of€marriage,€and€thatÐ l Ðthe€most€binding€part.€Among€the€Arabs€today€it€is€the€only€legal€ceremony€connected€with€marriage.Ð X ÐÔ#†XûàXX Xûàì7#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔGenesis€24:58,60€seems€to€preserve€for€us€an€example€of€an€ancient€formula€and€blessing€for€suchÐ D ô Ðan€occasion.€Its€central€feature€was€the€dowry€([mohar]),€which€was€paid€to€the€parents,€not€to€theÐ 0!à Ðbride.€It€may€take€the€form€of€service€(Genesis€29;€Ô#†XûàXX Xûàž9#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔ1€Samuel€18:25).€It€is€customary€in€Syria€today,Ð "Ì Ðwhen€the€projected€marriage€is€approved€by€both€families,€and€all€the€financial€preliminaries€haveÐ #¸ Ðbeen€settled,€to€have€this€ceremony€of€betrothal.€It€consists€in€the€acceptance€before€witnesses€of€theÐ ô#¤ Ðterms€of€the€marriage€as€contracted€for.€Then€Godððs€blessing€is€solemnly€asked€on€the€union€thusÐ à$  Ðprovided€for,€but€to€take€place€probably€only€after€some€months,€or€perhaps€some€years.€TheÐ Ì%|! Ðbetrothal€effected,€all€danger€from€any€further€financial€fencing€and€bluffing€now€being€at€an€end,Ð ¸&h" Ðhappiness€and€harmony€may€preside€over€all€the€arrangements€for€the€marriage€day.€Among€the€JewsÐ ¤'T # Ðthe€betrothal€was€so€far€regarded€as€binding€that,€if€marriage€should€not€take€place,€owing€to€theÐ (@!$ Ðabsconding€of€the€bridegroom€or€the€breach€of€contract€on€his€part,€the€young€woman€could€not€beÐ |),"% Ðmarried€to€another€man€until€she€was€liberated€by€a€due€process€and€a€paper€of€divorce.€A€similarÐ h*#& Ðcustom€prevails€in€China€and€Japan,€and€in€cases€becomes€very€oppressive.€The€marriage€may€haveÐ T+$' Ðbeen€intended€by€the€parents€from€the€infancy€of€the€parties,€but€this€formality€of€betrothal€is€notÐ @,ð$( Ðentered€on€till€the€marriage€is€considered€reasonably€certain€and€measurably€near.€A€prolongedÐ t Ðinterval€between€betrothal€and€marriage€was€deemed€undesirable€on€many€accounts,€though€oftenÐ `ì Ðan€interval€was€needed€that€the€groom€might€render€the€stipulated€service€or€pay€the€price€ð"ð€say€aÐ L Ø Ðyear€or€two,€or,€as€in€the€case€of€Jacob,€it€might€be€seven€years.€The€betrothed€parties€were€legallyÐ 8 Ä Ðin€the€position€of€a€married€couple,€and€unfaithfulness€was€ð ðadulteryðð€(Dt€22:23;Ô#†XûàXX Xûà;#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔMatthew€1:19).Ð $ ° Ðò ò[PAGE€Ô#†XûàXX XûàÏB#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔ633]ó óÐ  œ ÐÔ#†XûàXX Xûà=C#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔà  àPolygamy€is€likely€to€become€prevalent€only€where€conditions€are€abnormal,€as€where€thereÐ ü ˆ Ðis€a€disproportionate€number€of€females,€as€in€tribal€life€in€a€state€of€war.€In€settled€conditions€it€isÐ è t Ðpossible€only€to€those€able€to€provide€ð ðdowryðð€and€support€for€each€and€all€of€the€wives.€The€factÐ Ô` Ðof€polygamy€in€Old€Testament€times€is€abundantly€witnessed€in€the€cases€of€Abraham,€Jacob,€theÐ ÀL  Ðjudges,€David,€Solomon,€etc.€It€was€prevalent€in€Issachar€(Ô#†XûàXX Xûà›C#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔ1€Chronicles€7:4);€among€the€middle€classÐ ¬8  Ð(Ô#†XûàXX XûàF#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔ1€Samuel€1:1€f).€But€it€is€treated,€even€in€the€Old€Testament,€as€incompatible€with€the€Divine€idealÐ ˜$  Ð(Ô#†XûàXX XûàF#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔGenesis€2:24),€and€its€original€is€traced€to€deliberate€departure€from€that€ideal€by€Lamech,€theÐ „  ÐCainite€(Ô#†XûàXX Xûà=G#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔGenesis€4:19).€Kings€are€warned€against€it€(Dt€17:17;€Ô_Ôcompare€Ô#†XûàXX XûàýG#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔGenesis€29:31;€30).€Noah,Ð pü  ÐIsaac€and€Joseph€had€each€only€one€wife,€and€Bible€pictures€of€domestic€happiness€are€alwaysÐ \è  Ðconnected€with€monogamy€(2€Kings€4;€Psalm€128;€Proverbs€31;€compare€Sirach€25:1;€26:1,13).Ð HÔ  ÐMarriage€is€applied€figuratively,€too,€to€the€union€between€God€and€Israel,€implying€monogamy€asÐ 4À Ðthe€ideal€state.€Nevertheless,€having€the€advantage€of€precedent,€it€was€long€before€polygamy€fellÐ  ¬ Ðinto€disuse€in€Hebrew€society.€Herod€had€nine€wives€at€one€time€(Josephus,€Ant,€XVII,€I,€2).€JustinÐ  ˜ ÐMartyr€(Dial.,€134,€141)€reproaches€Jews€of€his€day€with€having€ð ðfour€or€even€five€wives,ðð€and€forÐ ø„ Ðð ðmarrying€as€many€as€they€wishðð€(compare€Talm).€It€was€not€definitely€and€formally€forbiddenÐ äp Ðamong€Jews€until€circa€1000€AD.€It€exists€still€among€Jews€in€Moslem€lands.€Side€by€side€with€thisÐ Ð\ Ðpractice€all€along€has€been€the€ideal€principle€(Ô#†XûàXX XûàH#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔGenesis€2:18)€rebuking€and€modifying€it.€The€legalÐ ¼H Ðtheory€that€made€the€man€ð ðlordðð€of€the€wife€(Ô#†XûàXX XûàÝL#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔGenesis€3:16;€Tenth€Commandment)€was€likewiseÐ ¨4 Ðmodified€in€practice€by€the€affection€of€the€husband€and€the€personality€of€the€wife.€The€differenceÐ ”  Ðbetween€a€concubine€and€a€wife€was€largely€due€to€the€wifeððs€birth€and€higher€position€and€the€factÐ €  Ðthat€she€was€usually€backed€by€relatives€ready€to€defend€her.€A€slave€could€not€be€made€a€concubineÐ lø Ðwithout€the€wifeððs€consent€(Ô#†XûàXX Xûà™M#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔGenesis€16:2).€Ð X ä ÐÌà@¯¯ìàÔ#†XûàXX Xûà¨O#Ôò òÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔ3.€WEDDING€CEREMONIES:ˆÐ 0"¼ ÐÌó óÔ#†XûàXX Xûà$P#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔà  àThere€is€a€disappointing€uncertainty€as€to€the€exact€ceremonies€or€proceedings€connected€withÐ $” Ðmarriage€in€Bible€times.€We€have€to€paint€our€picture€from€passing€allusions€or€descriptions,€andÐ ô$€  Ðfrom€what€we€know€of€Jewish€and€Arabic€customs.€In€cases€it€would€seem€that€there€was€nothingÐ à%l! Ðbeyond€betrothal,€or€the€festivities€following€it€(see€Ô#†XûàXX Xûà–P#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔGenesis€24:3€ff).€ò ò[PAGE€Ô#†XûàXX XûàuR#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔ634]€ó óÔ#†XûàXX XûàÒR#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔLater,€in€the€caseÐ Ì&X" Ðof€a€virgin,€an€interval€of€not€exceeding€a€year€came€to€be€observed.Ð ¼'H # Ðà  àThe€first€ceremony,€the€wedding€procession,€apparently€a€relic€of€marriage€by€captureÐ ¨(4!$ Ð(compare€Ô#†XûàXX XûàS#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔJudges€5:30;€Ô#†XûàXX Xûà^T#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔPsalm€45:15),€was€the€first€part€of€the€proceedings.€The€bridegroomððsÐ ”) "% Ðð ðfriendsðð€(Ô#†XûàXX Xûà­T#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔJohn€3:29)€went,€usually€by€night,€to€fetch€the€bride€and€her€attendants€to€the€home€of€theÐ €* #& Ðgroom€(Ô#†XûàXX Xûà]U#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔMatthew€9:15;€Ô#†XûàXX XûàV#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔJohn€3:29).€The€joyousness€of€it€all€is€witnessed€by€the€proverbial€ð ðvoice€ofÐ l+ø#' Ðthe€bridegroomðð€and€the€cry,€ð ðBehold€the€bridegroom€cometh!ðð€(Ô#†XûàXX XûàfV#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔJeremiah€7:34;€Ô#†XûàXX XûàTW#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔRevelation€18:23).Ð P ÐThe€procession€was€preferably€by€night,€chiefly,€we€may€infer,€that€those€busy€in€the€day€mightÐ <ì Ðattend,€and€that,€in€accordance€with€the€oriental€love€of€scenic€effects,€the€weird€panorama€of€lightsÐ ( Ø Ðand€torches€might€play€an€engaging€and€kindling€part.Ð  Ä Ðà  àThe€marriage€supper€then€followed,€generally€in€the€home€of€the€groom.€Today€in€Syria,€asÐ  ° ÐDr.€Mackie,€of€Beirut,€says,€when€both€parties€live€in€the€same€town,€the€reception€may€take€placeÐ ì œ Ðin€either€home;€but€the€older€tradition€points€to€the€house€of€the€groomððs€parents€as€the€proper€place.Ð Ø ˆ ÐIt€is€the€bringing€home€of€an€already€accredited€bride€to€her€covenanted€husband.€She€is€escorted€byÐ Ä t Ða€company€of€attendants€of€her€own€sex€and€by€male€relatives€and€friends€conveying€on€mules€or€byÐ °` Ðporters€articles€of€furniture€and€decoration€for€the€new€home.€As€the€marriage€usually€takes€place€inÐ œL  Ðthe€evening,€the€house€is€given€up€for€the€day€to€the€women€who€are€busy€robing€the€bride€andÐ ˆ8  Ðmaking€ready€for€the€coming€hospitality.€The€bridegroom€is€absent€at€the€house€of€a€relative€orÐ t$  Ðfriend,€where€men€congregate€in€the€evening€for€the€purpose€of€escorting€him€home.€When€heÐ `  Ðindicates€that€it€is€time€to€go,€all€rise€up,€and€candles€and€torches€are€supplied€to€those€who€are€toÐ Lü  Ðform€the€procession,€and€they€move€off.€It€is€a€very€picturesque€sight€to€see€such€a€processionÐ 8è  Ðmoving€along€the€unlighted€way€in€the€stillness€of€the€starry€night,€while,€if€it€be€in€town€or€city,€onÐ $Ô  Ðeach€side€of€the€narrow€street,€from€the€flat€housetop€or€balcony,€crowds€look€down,€and€the€womenÐ À Ðtake€up€the€peculiar€cry€of€wedding€joy€that€tells€those€farther€along€that€the€pageant€has€started.€ThisÐ ü¬ Ðcry€is€taken€up€all€along€the€route,€and€gives€warning€to€those€who€are€waiting€with€the€bride€that€itÐ è˜ Ðis€time€to€arise€and€light€up€the€approach,€and€welcome€the€bridegroom€with€honor.€As€at€the€houseÐ Ô„ Ðwhere€the€bridegroom€receives€his€friends€before€starting€some€come€late,€and€speeches€ofÐ Àp Ðcongratulation€have€to€be€made,€and€poems€have€to€be€recited€or€sung€in€praise€of€the€groom,€andÐ ¬\ Ðto€the€honor€of€his€family,€it€is€often€near€midnight€when€the€ò ò[PAGE€Ô#†XûàXX Xûà¥W#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔ635]ó ó€Ô#†XûàXX Xûàóa#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔprocession€begins.Ð ˜H ÐMeanwhile,€as€the€night€wears€on,€and€the€duties€of€robing€the€bride€and€adorning€the€house€are€allÐ ˆ8 Ðdone,€a€period€of€relaxing€and€drowsy€waiting€sets€in,€as€when,€in€the€New€Testament€parable,€bothÐ t$ Ðthe€wise€and€the€foolish€virgins€were€overcome€with€sleep.€In€their€case€the€distant€cry€on€the€streetÐ ` Ðbrought€the€warning€to€prepare€for€the€reception,€and€then€came€the€discovery€of€the€exhausted€oil.Ð Lü Ðà  àOf€the€bridegroomððs€retinue€only€a€limited€number€would€enter,€their€chief€duty€being€thatÐ 8 è Ðof€escort.€They€might€call€next€day€to€offer€congratulations.€An€Arabic€wedding€rhyme€says:Ð $!Ô ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàÔ#†XûàXX Xûà=b#Ôò òòòÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔð ðTo€the€bridegroomððs€door€went€the€torch„lit€array,Ðü"¬¸ ¸  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàAnd€then€like€goats€they€scattered€away.ððÐä#”¸ ¸  ÐÌó óóóÔ#†XûàXX Xûà±e#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔWith€their€dispersion,€according€to€custom,€the€doors€would€be€closed,€leaving€within€the€relativesÐ ´%d! Ðand€invited€guests;€and€so,€when€the€belated€virgins€of€the€parable€hastened€back,€they€too€foundÐ  &P" Ðthemselves€inexorably€shut€out€by€the€etiquette€of€the€occasion.€The€opportunity€of€service€was€past,Ð Œ'< # Ðand€they€were€no€longer€needed.Ð x((!$ Ðà  àAt€the€home€all€things€would€be€ð ðmade€ready,ðð€if€possible€on€a€liberal€scale.€John€2€gives€aÐ d)"% Ðpicture€of€a€wedding€feast€where€the€resources€were€strained€to€the€breaking€point.€Hospitality€wasÐ P*#& Ðhere€especially€a€sacred€duty,€and,€of€course,€greatly€ministered€to€the€joy€of€the€occasion.€AnÐ <+ì#' Ðoriental€proverb€is€significant€of€the€store€set€by€it:Ð (,Ø$( Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàÔ#†XûàXX XûàÑf#Ôò òòòÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔð ðHe€who€does€not€invite€me€to€his€marriageÐt¸ ¸  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàWill€not€have€me€to€his€funeral.ððÐ\è¸ ¸  ÐÌó óóóÔ#†XûàXX Xûà¦j#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔTo€decline€the€invitation€to€a€marriage€was€a€gross€insult€(Matthew€22).Ð , ¸ Ðà  àIt€was€unusual€in€Galilee€to€have€a€ð ðruler€of€the€feastðð€as€in€Judea€(John€2).€There€was€noÐ  ¤ Ðformal€religious€ceremony€connected€with€the€Hebrew€marriage€as€with€us€ð"ð€there€is€not€a€hint€ofÐ   Ðsuch€a€thing€in€the€Bible.€The€marriage€was€consummated€by€entrance€into€the€ð ðchamber,ðð€i.e.€theÐ ð | Ðnuptial€chamber€(Hebrew€[chedher]),€in€which€stood€the€bridal€bed€with€a€canopy€([chuppah]),€beingÐ Ü h Ðoriginally€the€wifeððs€tent€(Ô#†XûàXX Xûà²k#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔGenesis€24:67;€Ô#†XûàXX Xûà\n#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔJudges€4:17).€In€all€lands€of€the€dispersion€the€name€is€stillÐ ÈT Ðapplied€to€the€embroidered€canopy€under€which€the€contracting€parties€stand€or€sit€during€theÐ ´@  Ðfestivities.€In€Arabic,€Syriac,€and€Hebrew€the€bridegroom€is€said€to€ð ðgo€inðð€to€the€bride.€ò ò[Page€Ô#†XûàXX Xûà­n#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔ636]ó óÐ  ,  ÐÔ#†XûàXX Xûàp#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔà  àA€general€survey€of€ancient€marriage€laws€and€customs€shows€that€those€of€the€Hebrews€areÐ   Ðnot€a€peculiar€creation€apart€from€those€of€other€peoples.€A€remarkable€affinity€to€those€of€otherÐ |  Ðbranches€of€the€Semitic€races€especially,€may€be€noted,€and€striking€parallels€are€found€in€the€CodeÐ hô  Ðof€Hammurabi,€with€regard,€e.g.,€to€betrothal,€dowry,€adultery€and€divorce.€But€modern€researchesÐ Tà  Ðhave€emphasized€the€relative€purity€of€Old€Testament€sexual€morality.€In€this,€as€in€other€respects,Ð @Ì  Ðthe€Jews€had€a€message€for€the€world.€Yet€we€should€not€expect€to€find€among€them€the€ChristianÐ ,¸ Ðstandard.€Under€the€new€dispensation€the€keynote€is€struck€by€our€Lordððs€action.€The€significanceÐ ¤ Ðof€His€attending€the€marriage€feast€at€Cana€and€performing€His€first€miracle€there€can€hardly€beÐ  Ðexaggerated.€The€act€corresponds,€too,€with€His€teaching€on€the€subject.€He,€no€less€than€Paul,Ð ð| Ðemphasizes€both€the€honorableness€of€the€estate€and€the€heinousness€of€all€sins€against€it.Ð Üh ÐÌÔ#†XûàXX Xûà|p#Ôò òÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔÓ  Ó4.€JESUSðð€SANCTION€OF€THE€INSTITUTION:Ð ´@ ÐÓ€uÓÌó óÔ#†XûàXX Xûàau#ÔÔ‡ XûàXXXûàÔà  àThe€most€characteristic€use€of€marriage€and€the€family€by€our€Lord€is€that€in€which€HeÐ Œ Ðdescribes€the€kingdom€of€God€as€a€social€order€in€which€the€relationship€of€men€to€God€is€like€thatÐ x Ðof€sons€to€a€father,€and€their€relation€to€each€other€like€that€between€brothers.€This€social€ideal,€whichÐ dð Ðpresents€itself€vividly€and€continuously€to€His€mind,€is€summed€up€in€this€phrase,€ð ðKingdom€ofÐ P Ü ÐGod,ðð€which€occurs€more€than€a€hundred€times€in€the€Synoptic€Gospels.€The€passages€in€which€itÐ